1. Check the fan clutch. After the engine is warmed up to normal temperature, you should feel some serious resistance when you attempt to spin the fan by hand, because the fan clutch has it tightly connected to the water pump pulley - so tight that it should stop turning immediately after you spin it.
If it continues to spin for more than a small fraction of a rotation, your fan clutch is allowing it to slip - which probably means that the fan clutch is worn out.
2. Check your electric fans in front of the radiator. They should be running when the engine is close to overheating.
3. Did you get the new thermostat back in properly? If it went in backwards, or upside down, it'll cause problems. Note the position of the "Jiggle Valve":
