mac , you should first get to the FSM - see the Schematic .A code points to an AREA w/ a problem ,we're too used to assume that it was just the "Named" = VSS , sensor??? Not necessarily , can be connector issue , not fully seated ,ANY of the incidental wires not getting on & through to the next connector , even the PREVIOUS and/or NEXT circuit being contributory or even THE problem itself . FSM give some great troubleshooting "flow charting" .
As far as voltages 1 ) Virtually ALL modules ,ckt's are fed 12V THROUGH FUSING 2 ) BUT the wiring that carries "intermodule" connections ,especially signals will be lower - ie. a "Logic Level" reading in the vicinity of 5Vdc ,like your 4Volt.
3 ) Unless you know EXACTLY WHAT the F YOUR DOING in trying to INTRODUCE RAW 12Volts to ANYTHING , even if it's from a fused SOURCE , by all means use a FUSIBLE JUMPER w/ a lesser than "source fuse " for safety of circuitry , many times I'll put even the smallest 3A fuse on a jumper in case of a "Bad" troubleshooting "strategy",
A very handy test tool in your case (other than multimeter & maybe best for this ) is the " LOGIC PROBE" - for it has buzzer in addition to visual RED / GREEN LED's to "trace" what your working on , "finding the VSS path & related signals in order to FIX the SPED/OD -ometers ".

G 2/24/2018