OBD problem codes are codes thrown by your car to indicate a particular problem. You can use the code number to figure out what it's trying to tell you. The codes you linked to are the nuts and bolts of the OBD protocol and probably aren't useful to mere mortals (at least not to begin with)

The other numbers you're talking about like fuel trim, intake air temperature and all that fun stuff are simply the values your ECU is getting from the engine's various sensors. There's no one place to reference what the values should be, but
surfing the FSM will help you look them up one by one and find out what the normal operating range is.
Can you post some pictures of what you're seeing?
Sorry if I sound pedantic, just want to make sure we start off on the same foot
