I have a wireless charger that connects to the dashboard air vents. It has a cable running from it to the cigarette lighter charger. I wanted to clean things up and run the wire into the center console and plug into the 12v output there, but to keep the cable out of the way, I would need to affix it to the passenger side of the console.
Any suggestions on what I could use the "glue" or attach the usb charging cable? I was thinking about silicone or clear caulk but I wasn't sure if that would adversely affect the car interior material.

Are you looking to feed the wire into the dash? Why not use something like masking tape? I wouldn't use electrical (not sticky enough) but masking should last quite a while.

If you're looking for some external install...maybe some kind of velcro 3M sticky squares? I just got some for our bidet remote in the bathroom and stuck that sucker to the vanity LOL.

give a picture of your setup. show us your intention.