It's great that you're researching all this stuff instead of buying it and then asking why this or that won't work or fit.
A header is not what you are describing. It is the first thing or part of the exhaust system. It is what is connected to the engine block, right at the exhaust ports of the cylinders. The factory "exhaust manifolds" as they are often called, consist of a catalytic converter built into right after the initial piping coming off the engine block, an i4 or 4 cylinder like yours will only have 1 of these headers/manifolds, a V6 or V8 will have 2, one for each of the cylinder banks as you can imagine. An after market "header" will get rid of this heavy cast iron (usually, I think) complete piping/cat assembly and replace it with pure stainless steel piping (no cat any more...), so you get better exhaust gas flow from out the engine and down to the rest of the exhaust system. A header can give a good power increase, I believe 8-12 whp (
horse
power measured at the drive
wheels). However most cars will throw a check engine light, because you have removed the first or "pre-cat" and now the oxygen sensor down in the piping somewhere is reading "unclean" air. There are ways around it, but I won't go into that here. It's usually a good idea to get a custom tune (few hundred dollars) again after installing a header to get the full benefit from it.
The exhaust systems you listed above are in fact the most popular ones, along with Stillen. Borla and Nismo cost an arm and a leg but tend to have the best sound, even on the 4 cylinder engines. Typically a 4 banger won't have that exact deep sound a V6 engine will so you should make sure you listen to a 2.5 Altima coupe's exhaust clips, not 3.5 V6, to get a more accurate idea of the sound.
Generally speaking, for our cars, we might get a 5-8 whp increase in power from any of these exhausts. Since a cat back replace more of the piping running up the car, you typically get a bit more smoother flow and resulting power, while axle backs just replace the muffler practically so that itself may or may not be a big difference. From what I understand, our cars don't seem to benefit too much from the catback so just go with what works for your wallet.
There is also Magnaflow systems for the 2.5 I believe, cost about $300-$400 and are supposed to sound decent. I believe they sell on fleebay if you want to look. Personally, I paid $175 for an ebay exhaust for the V6 and I like it, couldn't afford the brand stuff and wanted to be different.
Your car being a 2.5 (4 cylinder), you won't need piping larger than 2.25 to 2.5" in diameter down the cat back or axle back. Most of the brand name stuff you mention above is in that size category anyway. Anything larger won't really help this engine but hinder how the exhaust flows out, and you lose low rpm torque (which isn't that great for daily driving I think). Typically you only need large 3" piping if you've got a boosted engine (turbo or super charger) or you have a big fat V8.
Tips, that go at the end of the muffler, about do nothing. They are for appearance. So you see those 4" fart cannons, yes, they are louder, but that's the muffler not the tip's fault! You'll see "resonated tips" for sale, which is nothing more than some sound muffling material around the tip's length around the walls to help with some raspiness or just to hush the sound down some (like just slightly).
A resonator is what goes somewhere along your cat back (usually AFTER the cat), helps a lot with toning noise down and that rasp that 4 bangers typically have (especially after installing an aftermarket header). Also helps reduce cabin drone from the engine/exhaust depending on the overall level of sound from the muffler etc.