rotor=the actual disc part of the brakes..caliper clamps on itcaliper=sits around rotor, houses pistonspistons=sit in caliper/do the actual clamping force on the rotorpads=also sit in caliper, pistons clamp them on rotor, makes car stop

hub=rotor hat and wheels connect to these(lugs are attached to em)drum=different style of brakes(your car probably has them in the rear...pads are enclosed inside the drum..no caliper necessary but they suck compared to disc brakes!shims=not sure whatcha mean thereI think i got everything u asked for. I know its not super detailed but its a start!