I've been cramming vehicle dynamics in the recent months to get a much better grasp as how the car should be working and reacting. A great primer to get started with is Mike Kojima's
Making it Stick article from the now defunct Sport Compact Car. Mike has also followed up with more suspension related articles at MotoIQ.com These articles are great spring boards, but they are very light on specifics to our cars. I've been studying to fill the gaps for quite some time, and I feel I have a much better grasp on vehicle static setup.
As many people know, I'm a huge stickler for function over form. That means no hella flush. I don't stretch tires and I don't tuck tires with excess camber. If I'm tossing a 9-10" wide wheel on a car, I'm using all the available tire I can fit on it.
To start the planning process of what I want to do suspension wise, I have to base it all around the all important contact patch. For now, I'm choosing to go with 245 wide tires on a set of SSR Type-C wheels. Originally I wanted to go with 16" wheels, but it's near impossible to find the tire width I want on that wheel diameter. So 17s it is! For the front, I'm going to stick with somewhat close to factory offset. SSR offers a +31mm and a +36mm offset option for a 17x8 and a +36mm option for the 17x8.5. I'd made the decision to go five lug years ago. I just like the aesthetics of a five lug much more than four lugs.
-Brand new OE S14 SE 5 lug front hubs. Can't use my S13 spindles with them, but that's not an issue!
-Used N/A Z32 rear hubs. Nissan is pretty much OUT of all five lug rear options for our 90s rear multi-links. The bearings are still available, just not the hubs. These little guys came off an auto recycler on ebay and I swear they look like they have maybe 20 miles on them. I'll be ordering new bearings in the future, but I'm just happy I was able to get these when I did.
To hold the hubs to the car, I'm trying to shed some unsprung weight. GKTech from Australia has a set of 7075 billet aluminum uprights for the front. They're modular, they're 25% lighter than S14 units, and they have a 40mm ball joint drop to correct roll center. For the rear, I have a set of GT-R knuckles I bought from a friend who was trying to fit an R230 LSD to his S13. He sold me the whole upright assembly for cheap cause I needed the e-brake assemblies for my brakes. The GT-R uprights are basically the same as Z32 TT uprights since they have the HICAS ball joint.
-I'd already pressed the HICAS ball joint out when I took this picture. I had some energy suspension bushings in place at the time.
-I pressed the bushings out as well as the grease seals and sent them off to be hard anodized. Over the top? Maybe. But damn do they look good now!
-Originally I had bought a set of ES poly bushings for the uprights, but I changed my mind. I was planning on NISMO hard rubber, but after three to four months of waiting from Nissan Japan to get a set over here to the States, I gave up and went full spherical. One thing to note: there's a difference between the HICAS and non-HICAS uprights where the tie rod connects. The HICAS ball joint has a larger outer diameter, so the bore is larger. SPL knows this, so I had to order the Z32T bearings. These were a call in order, so keep that in mind if you ever decide to go this route.
-There's one issue with going this route. I HAVE to match the RLCA bushings. Nissan designed compliance with the RLCA bushings to slide towards the rear under braking loads to correct a toe out issue with the lateral toe link. Basically, when you applied the brake (whether it be foot brake or engine brake), the wheel would twist on its steering axis. The lateral link has some squish in the bushings to let it move from left to right. As the wheel would twist, the bushings would deflect allowing the wheel to toe out on both sides. It creates an instability at speed. To correct it, the whole RLCA can move aft a few millimeters under braking load. It causes the wheel to toe in and compensate. By putting a spherical bearing at the lateral link, I've eliminated the event of twisting at the steering axis, but if I leave rubber in the RLCA, the suspension will toe in under braking loads. My options are ES poly bushings or make bearing housings for either FK race bearings or QA1 race bearings.
I'm still waiting on my GKTech uprights for the front. There has been a few issues with the modular pieces (not enough of them to cover all the pre-orders), so all I can show are pictures of the CAD drawings from GK. I'll be doing a full write up and article with some performance comparisons with the factory units once I get mine in and find a good testing area to perform some skidpad tests.
-Remember when I said I wasn't worried about not being able to use my S13 knuckles? This is why. In the blow up here, all the options are laid out. I chose to run an S14 hub spindle and S13 strut bolt and ball joint inserts. I'm also using standard steering arms as I don't see the need to futz with my Ackermann angle. If I was drifting and needed more steering angle, then the other arms would be good choices to go with.
-I measured out the geometric front view of the suspension and was able to mock up how all the suspension links form the roll center for an S13.
-With Tein S-tech springs, my car still managed to settle at about a two inch drop over factory. As you can see, that really screwed the roll center up. I'll be going more in depth on the roll center when I publish my review article of the knuckles, but suffice to say a longer roll couple is bad.
-This is with the roll center correction provided by GKTech's knuckles. Now you can see why I wanted them. Better roll couple AND it preserves camber angle for suspension travel.
-I'm being a bit anal here, but the factory bolts have lasted nearly 23 years in some pretty crummy all season driving. I could have saved a few bucks and gone with hardened bolts and nuts from McMaster-Carr, but these were all still available through Nissan.
I do plan on widening out the rear track width by using an S14 rear subframe. There's a few reasons to go with the second gen unit, primarily it has to deal with anti-squat. Anti-squat is a phenomena built into the geometry of the suspension links. When you really gun it and are laying down some serious torque, the force of the wheel trying to push into the ground lifts the rear of the car. This can be tuned by positioning the angle of the a-arms in our case. I'm mapping out the rear suspension still, and it's a bit more complicated than the front to locate things like the side view instant center, but I plan on having some pretty thorough modeling for all you NICOnauts and explain how things like that work. I'm also going to take the rear view of the suspension to see how the roll center is positioned and if RC correction is as necessary in the rear as it is in the front. General consensus from the internet says 'no' right now.
-S14 subframe. It's 10mm wider than the S13 unit, so it will necessitate offset bushings. Both SPL and GKTech make excellent units for this. If I go with GKTech, to save on the cost of shipping, I'll add it to a big order of parts. If it's more of 'I'll buy them when I can', I'll go with SPL. Before I send this off to be powdercoated black, I need to burn the bushings out and change the exhaust hanger. The latter will probably require some test fitting, so it might be a bit before this part of the project is done.
With the S14 subframe comes S14 RLCAs. The inboard bushing is wider than the S13, so to make sure it works right, it's just best to use the right parts.
-Getting all the bits off of these is a pain! The ball joint comes out easily, but the bushings are something else. I've burned them out and hacksawed the sleeves, but they still won't budge. Once I clear them of all rubber bits, they'll go to powder coat to be made silver (ala NISMO RLCAs).
-A vise and a MAP torch makes quick work of the ball joints.
-Each ball joint only took a few whacks with the deadblow to get them out. I was expecting a fight.
Rounding out the rest of the suspension, I plan on adjustable arms from SPL for every link. You can't beat SPL's quality and precision for adjustment. Simply worth the money IMO. Whiteline adjustable anti-roll bars for both ends. Obviously I'll have to get an S14 rear bar. Lastly, I plan on fitting KW Suspension Club Sport coilovers. I need to see if it's possible to purchase the rear dampers set up for an S13 with the Z32 lower fork mount. A rep said I could mix and match dampers (ie front S13 and rear Z32), but I'd rather try to keep the valving in line with the S13 setup.